Acute COVID-19, Long COVID, Post COVID-vaccination syndrome & Nervous system-Clinical Studies

Non-invasive ultra-high-field 7 T QSM showed imaging evidence of pathophysiological changes and microstructural abnormalities in the brainstem over months after COVID-19 hospitalization.

Age-related differences in neuro-long COVID showed that younger and middle-aged patients were more severely affected than older patients.

Case report of patient who died of radiographically and pathologically confirmed reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) one day after the third mRNA COVID (BNT162b2) vaccination.

A rare case of COVID-19-associated unilateral encephalitis, characterized by severe involvement of the left cerebral hemisphere.

Brain proton MR spectroscopy demonstrated decreased tNAA and Glu/Gln levels, increased Cho and tCr levels, and altered MI levels (decreased or increased depending on the severity of acute COVID-19) in the frontal brain regions of long COVID patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Participants diagnosed with Long COVID performed worse than healthy controls in delayed and immediate verbal recall, informativeness of spoken discourse, letter fluency, and category fluency for animals.

These findings demonstrate characteristics and changes of the complex network known as brain functional connectome in individuals with primarily neurological symptoms of post-COVID syndrome.

This autopsy report described a case of multifocal necrotizing encephalitis, mild myocarditis, and pathological changes in small blood vessels (endothelitis) that developed after a third COVID-19 vaccination.

Some CNS structures, like the choroid plexus and the circumventricular organs including the hypothalamus, are not completely protected by the BBB and can serve as virus entry points.

A persistent hypotestosteronemia in certain patients with COVID-19 or long COVID syndrome could be of hypothalamic origin due to impaired GnRH function, or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

The results provide indirect evidence that differences in PET signal across brain regions, as an indicator of neuroinflammation, could partially reflect variations in vascular health and perivascular immune infiltration in individuals with PASC.

De novo onset or relapse of optic neuritis in vaccinated individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. 

Visuospatial deficit was associated with brain neuroimaging findings, and correlated with the upregulation of certain immune markers in approximately one-quarter of participants four months after acute COVID-19.

A case series of a new onset small fiber neuropathy with symptoms of dysautonomia and neuropathy, that developed after COVID-19.

These results show a decrease in corneal nerve density and branch density, as well as an increase in dendritic cell density in patients with long COVID in comparison to the control group.

This study demonstrated increased expression of HERV-W ENV proteins and proinflammatory cytokines only in hospitalized patients with psychosis spectrum disorders who were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The finding of HERV-W ENVs only in seropositive patients suggests a strong link between HERV-W activation, cytokine expression, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

An uncommon disease, hemorrhagic myelitis was presented in three cases following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with minimal or no improvement during follow-up.

A case of a systemic reaction, characterized by predominant neurological (electroencephalography and MRI findings) and skin manifestations (tinea inguinalis and tinea capitis) that occurred following the third dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine,

The infection with SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccination are associated with de novo onset or relapse of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Patients diagnosed with long COVID syndrome and cognitive deterioration had significantly reduced long-interval intracortical inhibition that depends on slow inhibitory post-synaptic potentials mediated through GABA receptors and an abnormal pattern of intracortical facilitation, which is associated with glutamatergic excitatory signaling.

The findings of this study suggest an alternative route for the SARSCoV-2 S protein entry into the CNS, wherein it might reache first the skull marrow and meninges before entering the brain.

The first task-activated BOLD-fMRI study conducted in individuals diagnosed with post-COVID neuropsychiatric symptoms discovered a different brain activity and reorganized working memory network in post-COVID participants.