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A follow-up study of immune parameters in unvaccinated COVID-19 convalescents 10 weeks and 10 months after a first and mostly mild infection with the Wuhan-strain Hu-1 showed a long-term reduction of innate and adaptive immune cells, associated with a shift from Th1 to Th2 cytokine pattern.
This study demonstrated immunological and other characteristics in individuals experiencing persistent symptoms following COVID-19 vaccination.
These findings demonstrate that transfer of IgG from long COVID patients to mice replicates disease symptoms, underscoring a causative and heterogeneous role of IgG in the pathogenesis of long COVID.
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This study showed the exclusion of SARS-CoV-2 specificity from the bone marrow long-lived plasma cell (LLPC) compartment and the inability of mRNA vaccines to induce necessary precursor programs to fully mature into the bone marrow LLPC.
This study revealed increased IgE levels specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 in individuals who had been immunized with the ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and mRNA BNT162b2 vaccines. Additionally, IgG4 levels detected after booster mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination, showed a moderate correlation with IgE levels.
This study found, for the first time in children, that levels of IgG4 antibodies specific for S1 and RBD significantly increased one year after the second vaccination compared to baseline.
Immune modulation associated with exposure to Plasmodium falciparum may contribute to a reduced severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living in malaria-endemic regions.
Two cases of immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related diseases that developed after COVID vaccination.
The authors present a patient who developed the ocular manifestation of immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease, referred to as IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD), after COVID vaccination.
This study demonstrates diversity of intracellular microbes in immune cells of healthy individuals, SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, and COVID-19 recovered individuals.
Biological (immunological, virological and hormonal) features of long COVID syndrome more than one year after acute infection.
A whole-body positron emission tomography with a novel radiopharmaceutical [18F]F-AraG showed increased T cell activation in numerous anatomical regions in vaccinated COVID convalescents up to 2.5 years after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection.
These findings have established a significant link between excessive inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and comorbidities associated with increased levels of bacterial endotoxins. This synergism between LPS and the S protein is of clinical and therapeutic importance.
This paper discusses the possible interactions between the first and the second intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan parasites, when they concurrently infect the same host cells.
Individuals with neuro-PASC had a distinct pattern of T cell activation and specific immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein.
Unique monocyte signatures define subgroups of long COVID patients and confirm prolonged changes in innate immunity during COVID-19 convalescence. Given the heterogeneity of clinical presentations, it seems likely that distinct pathophysiological pathways cause different long COVID phenotypes
According to the authors, high levels of SARS-CoV-2 S protein genetic diversity in individuals with advanced poorly controlled HIV infection markedly increase the risk for the emergence of new VOCs in these individuals.
Irrgang et al were the first to report an increase in the proportion of IgG4 antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, starting after the second and increasing further after the third mRNA COVID vaccination.
