The authors from the United States presented a series of three women aged 26, 43, and 44 years who developed hemorrhagic myelitis within 4 weeks after being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In contrast to typical inflammatory or demyelinating myelitis, the clinical recovery was poor in all cases of hemorrhagic myelitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The disease responded poorly to immunosuppressive therapies and resulted in residual quadriplegia or paraplegia.
There are a limited number of reports of para/postinfectious hemorrhagic myelitis dating back to 1915. Para/postinfectious hemorrhagic myelitis was reported in patients infected with herpes viruses and in those with immunocompromised conditions. A few noninfectious cases were associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and vaccination against papillomavirus or influenza viruses. Numerous factors contribute to hemorrhagic myelitis, such as direct neuroinvasion of viruses, para/postinfectious inflammatory cascades, complement activation, vasculopathy, and coagulopathy. Histopathological examinations demonstrated hemorrhagic changes involving gray matter, early necrotizing features, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration.
The main differences between hemorrhagic myelitis and inflammatory or demyelinating myelitis are the severity of the neurologic deficit, low clinical response to immunosuppressive therapy, and long-term disability.
Case series
Case 1
A 43-year-old woman developed symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. After ten days, she was admitted to the hospital for acute bilateral weakness of the lower extremities, urinary retention, and ascending sensory loss. She had a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) of nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2. Neurologic examination showed flaccid paraplegia and sensory level at T4. The spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 24 hours after the onset of neurologic symptoms showed contrast enhancement and central T2-weighted hyperintensity at C5-T12.
The examination of the CSF demonstrated pleocytosis (949 leukocytes/μL, 93% neutrophils), elevated protein level (210 mg/dL), elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) G index (0.82), and increase of erythrocytes (226/μL). Other analyses of the CSF, including the meningoencephalitis panel and viral tests (herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and SARS-CoV-2) showed negative results. The antibody panel for autoimmune myelopathy, antinuclear antibodies, aquaporin–4 IgG, HIV serology, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies were all negative. Platelets, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were normal.
The patient was treated with prophylactic subcutaneous enoxaparin, and intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) for five days, but her condition deteriorated to quadriplegia and respiratory failure, so plasmapheresis was initiated. After 11 days she underwent a control spine and brain MRI, and the results showed an extension of T2-weighted hyperintensity upward into the brainstem and a new hemorrhage. After 12 days, a control CSF analysis showed 5 erythrocytes/μL, 5 leukocytes/μL (51% lymphocytes), 31 mg/dL of protein, and an elevated IgG index (1.09). The patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins, and another five-day course of IVMP, followed by oral prednisone. Despite all therapies, the patient remained quadriplegic and mechanically ventilated.
Case 2
A 44-year-old woman with a history of right lower extremity weakness and paresthesia developed new ascending bilateral paresthesia in the lower extremities three weeks after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. The neurologic examination showed normal muscle strength, hyperreflexia, and sensory level at T8. After 30 days, the spine MRI demonstrated expansile T2-weighted hyperintensities at T6-8 and T9-10, with contrast enhancement. The brain MRI showed multiple periventricular and pericallosal non-enhancing T2-weighted lesions.
The examination of CSF showed 94 erythrocytes/μL, 7 leukocytes/μL (94% lymphocytes), 32 mg/dL of protein, elevated IgG index (1.77), and serum-unmatched oligoclonal bands. The bacterial stain, culture of CSF, and tests for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus were all negative. The HIV serology, antinuclear antibodies, aquaporin–4 IgG, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies were all negative. Platelets, PT, and APTT were normal.
She received IVMP for three days. However, after 15 days she developed paraplegia and urinary retention. After 9 weeks, the control spine MRI demonstrated progression of T2-weighted hyperintensity at C2-L1 with patchy contrast enhancement. She received another five-day course of IVMP, followed by plasmapheresis and oral prednisone. After four months, a control spine MRI showed an evolution to chronic hemorrhage at T6-T7. She remained paraplegic at approximately eight months. After one year, the control spine MRI showed myelomalacia at T5-T9.
Case 3
A woman aged 26 years was hospitalized for COVID-19 myocarditis, cardiogenic shock, and multiorgan failure. Five months before she developed the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. She was vaccinated with the adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Janssen Biotech).
The patient was treated with dexamethasone for 10 days, but after four weeks she developed acute ascending sensory loss, followed by flaccid paraplegia and areflexia. The examination of the CSF performed three days after the onset of neurologic symptoms showed 23 erythrocytes/μL, 3 leukocytes/μL (75% neutrophils), 36 mg/dL of protein, and matched oligoclonal bands.
Nine days after the onset of neurologic symptoms, a spine MRI showed expansile T2-weighted hyperintensity with precontrast T1 hyperintensity and microhemorrhage on T2-weighted sequences. After 19 days, CSF analysis showed 2 erythrocytes/μL, 1 leukocyte/μL (55% lymphocytes), 36 mg/dL of protein, and a slightly elevated IgG index (0.67). The viral tests of CSF for the cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus were negative. Serum HIV and antinuclear antibodies were also negative. Platelets, PT, and APTT were normal.
The patient was treated with prophylactic subcutaneous heparin, IVMP, followed by oral prednisone. However, the control neuroimaging after two months showed persistent hemorrhage. At five months, she remained paraplegic.
The authors stated that previous studies reported five other cases of hemorrhagic myelitis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The MRI findings and clinical outcomes in these studies were similar to those reported in this study. The treatment included steroids, plasmapheresis, and rituximab, but minimal or no improvement was observed during follow-up.
This article was published in Neurology.
Journal Reference
Tolja K et al. Pearls & Oysters: Hemorrhagic Myelitis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Neurology 2023;101;e672-e676 (Open Access) http://n.neurology.org/content/101/6/e672.full
